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The ABCs of How We Learn

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Campbell Union High School District (CUHSD) Superintendent Robert Bravo hosts an educational forum featuring Stanford Professor Daniel Schwartz, author of The ABCs of How We Learn: 26 Scientifically Proven Approaches, How They Work, and When to Use Them.

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the ABCs of how we were by Dr. Daniel Schwartz are gas here tonight if you followed it came out and seem like it's sold out like a two weeks or so  and it was it if you went on Amazon to buy goodbye or had to pay like 55 bucks for a while and I see we can get him so spread knowledge and I'm glad that is some of you deciding to come in reschedule this I don't think I took into account it was Game 1 of the World Series they say that baseball is does popular as in use might still be a little popular so I want to introduce Dean Swartz a little bit Dean because he's the DM Stanford Graduate School of Education and he along with some colleagues wrote the ABCs of how we learn as there are 26 letters in the alphabet what day did is they chose 26 different learning strategies and decide to write about them there's more of the world than 26 as he writes about in the introduction he chose to so I think hey is for analogies  and onward through the alphabet choosing some very powerful learning the book was written with the intention of being something that professors could use as a textbook and education class but it's also the kind of did anyone can read so I found it very powerful for a relatively friendly reading book Great Lake there's a lot of information in here a lot of really good information in here and I want to give him an opportunity to say a few words about his background for you  vanity thanks for coming out got any I graduated from college with a degree in philosophy and a minor hand pollinating and I wanted to get back so I got that number and  I got an emergency credential in Los Angeles and because there was some and then I was working in South Central LA for the year and I discovered the thing I really like to do is design what was Nana Junior High School the best age because they're sort of how to understand High School and then best new teacher award and they went broke so I got laid off so I went in and I taught in a small turn the lamp on he was about 250 people and I lived there for 5 years so you can get to know these people every son  that's an interesting challenge how to keep it fresh so while I was there I discovered what they come turns out it was great for learning from and so because from a set of a few principles I can create worlds so I went back to school and got a master's in computer  like I said you should tall advantage and in the end came back to California Stanford and then recently  Provo said would you sir but this this writing the reason I had this sort of the realm X Valdez is the 94 I started the job the dean job which is you know lots of people  what's the temperature tonight  timing swing by call the science of moon and my special niche ask fundamental questions Testament  rather than the White Pigeon Forge Apple we've done some Neuroscience research that figured out how what part of the brain helps you any negative numbers in enabled us to design a new kind of instruction thank you for being here tonight just to give you a sense of the audience I think most of the people here are actually parents I suspect who are put that had on I know we have some people deeply ingrained in the old educational Endeavor we have prints for of our high school frizzles right over here on weather forecast for today so we have is Avenal from Westmont High School are most of Joelle Hansen hear from Prospect we have Sarah I'm boiling in Jennifer and I'm drawing a blank on your last name how can I possibly do that right now what happened with the hot lights are on turn down more and we have a board member in the backyard I see Stacy Brown board member we have a candidate before Judy chair goes right back there and we have our director for eye  Badger taking a photo right now thanks Rick for the rick Alpha and it's it's a jet Baldwin sorry and then we have a lot of Harrods primarily  alright thanks for coming so the fruit before we talk about the book I wanted to do you about the course that inspired it to you have a forest and Stanford called me for mechanics of the Motoring so some of the people take this course our undergraduate students pH Motor stock everybody a lot of years to figure out what's the right thing so if you look at most textbooks  turned out of you  play some representing so One Direction psychology textbook will tell you all the theories about cognition another  and so I just saw him I needed to figure out a way to cover core mechanic to come soon like in Tetris the core mechanic is rotate a shape on an open in golf play for mechanics hit the ball in the hole  Core mechanic  Summit so things like analogy and to apply to technology situation so there's a whole bunch finally figured out how to package which was to do this each class and you don't want to start liking this actually aiming for people so if you look at educational technology it's not creative it tends to be the same play pack it is guess the symbolic answer can we more makers Muse reward face Marina Behavior behaviors don't know that has there's so many different types of take me to remove but you also describe the benefits in the wrist certain educational approaches or learning approaches have a risk connected to it so you actually can risk a student misunderstanding something this applying something maybe you can talk to the ice a little bit about an example instructional strategy in both the benefit of and how it has both benefit  okay  so the f*** is really intended help people be more creative understand more the human mind has lots of morning turn the light your your white blood cells your marrow they learn and if your bone marrow you get a transplant they forget all the disease in the afterword again so we have lots of lots of learning systems interfere  so I bring one is reinforcement you give what you do this week. treats and yeah I know it the word yes  so reinforcement is very good one and you can explain why there's no so you want you want people to quit a behavior and they know it's a bad behavior but they can't quit for more reinforcement help some your dog's reinforcement works because you can't reason with him so we're reason  reinforcement works Hazard Construction so it turns out if someone and then you reward them for doing it you undermined original motivation and so the classic study on this is called the hidden cause they had kids young children get to play with markers and they were felt tip markers which that's very cool you know you haven't done that the song which kids were interested in which one and then they took all the kids were interested and they put them in sort of two conditions one was I'd like to draw a picture another one was after you draw a picture for me I'm going to give you some candy  until they do that then afterwards they send the kids back to see carbs in the kids who don't use the  and so the reason is is because the reward has displaced what was you now it's only a means to another end companies will pay and it undermines me because I stopped being creative cuz you're pushing too hard for the reward so this is kind of this back fine so rewards very powerful but it can backfire undermine to get to goal directed so they stop exploring alternatives 100 building structure back like tell him so you think telling people is a great thing to do the problem is when you tell them all they're paying attention to is what you told them until the miss the situation Channel like I teach intro PhD statistics course and I have them problem solved before I tell them the answer because if I tell them the answer first they're paying a what I told him and not the problem is you're just great example there's this study ball and you can press different things and things happen lights in a light goes off and it's for very young children  if a parent shows which button to push shows a button to press and you give it to the child the child can you press that button to press on the child will find  so when you tell me instead of exploring the situation into it sounds like if my son display some interest in something  it seems to be getting his own enjoyment out of it and I start to get excited I want you to be interested in that when I mention that there are those instructions I saw a lot of naughty from the principles so I don't know I'm wondering what day must have seen them  30 half are there any particular strategies that potato enough Ridge that you would almost say only the most experienced practitioner should attempt so no so social models you learn a lot by watching social models  you're busy saying one thing but Oracle reverse one list this is a dangerous money for your tasks we tell students all sorts of things about how they should be reflective creative Darren did Dad can use the clearest evidence of what we value the most  and so what happens if you get a backfire they start studying for the test they think which on the test constitutes know and so that's a very very so how did how did the sign the Wailers is not an art that many so what are the characteristics a good test is one where they actually have to learn something that's what you care about there's there's no way you're going to teach them everything they need to know in high school on call best thing you do is give him foundational knowledge and a set of skills and dispositions when afterwards can you make a  Define out who prepared to learn something new the best thing to do is to include that in your test for the chance to learn something new  set this makes me your chapter k k is for knowledge so this chapter of the book sort of breaks away a little bit from talking about 8 particular learning technique and is a discussion or an essay about what is the medication to make us more efficient or to make this more talk about that we all try this one is hard not a picture but so there's a fellow named Autumn can add this series of numbers in their head going at this rate 43572640 + 62533693200 - 457 it goes like this and they can do this in their magic  and the way they do this is they run a mental stimulation of an abacus and Imagination removing the Deep in every year of practice they can add one more column B so they can go from like $100,000 to Millions another year that you attend cleaners competitions in this spot in human existence were so they do the time so they have three points out that Play-Doh interrupted going to be interrupted and they don't go on to develop math skills or anything an points out a lot of construction seems to have that quality people  things like two plus that's okay  like it decoding words you know they're always left to right on left and right they always have spaces so it's something where you the same time that efficiency stops you from learning new things so example summer  it was the woman's fault you know where they jump over the horse and I think the bald was a quarter Revenge too low all the women wiping out instruction where are we have this mindset for students should be able to take test quickly without resources without the SAT why because you can't go ask people for things I've been cheating there's time nobody tells you got it wrong so you can the problem is really what we want you want the adapter so if you're in training mentality efficiency makes a lot of sense particular unstable  but if you're going into World to Change  the goal is to be able to adapt  in southern structure how people become more adaptive and more ready to learn new  insulin and then goes off on a diet share one of the techniques and you think more too develop theater so what's the best thing to do is to put people in a situation where that's the nature of the town  so see them personally in science and math I will give students sex at a time and I'll say funny explanation cancel this is our task is to be created in an academic way to come up with an explanation you need practice doing that you get better at it Ukraine environment where they understand it's summer better than others so you can set up situations to do that other proteins for that is to really go after foundational knowledge certain principles have legs across lots of things so you know really understand supply and demand it's going to carry me through a lot of situation go after the phone number statistics I don't worry about all the edge cases Construction special things you can you need to protect people from their insecure Speedaire in Creative you need to create a community where everybody celebrates one and this is why none of us likes  which is constructive criticism so it really takes some work to create a culture with people understand oh yeah this is just part of it that the timelines mom so here's a good example at this this book I got a graphic artist was really answer for each timer  a picture of the captured  to like these were delivered practice he has a deer practicing so he shows the artwork and I criticized and I say well didn't catch that who's always going to happen and then I should expect  you don't see that I can school you get it wrong you're told to revise and then it just so you don't have that sustained experience when you get the chance to say it's a lot of stuff to do today  chapter J is about Justin time telling in the making lectures in readings work so I think high school education has a rap that maybe isn't totally unfair but it's a lot of lecturing I saw used to class so we do a lot of talent but it's not necessarily just in time the kids come and sit what's the difference between telling Jen and time  okay so it is sort of a miracle I'm going to go my college classes but I think it's true with high school as well it's been about 27 years since I taught school  you know the things are included to be probably some of the greatest discoveries of a generation  no and somehow the students there's like it's what you're sitting there and what probably  comes across as just la blah blah blah so you learn a lot better when you understand  lecture soul  so so fruit apple here's a study Community College we are at half of them play Civilization in this is sort of a political Waikiki  Ryan and the other half played Gears of War which is a first person shooter  in both of them within the context of ebony girls about World War II  and so now we take each of those two groups and then a third group in didn't play video games at all and we measured them on their knowledge of World War II in these three civilization Gears of Gears of War and nothing and they get lunchroom on World War II before anything and we see do nothing they look the same and they don't look like they learned anything the kids who play Gears of War learn all the tactics of World War II in the kids got to play the game at all didn't work it's an exact same and you understand the Precision of all these should I tell prison study  fun yeah it was a little late  so all that TV I watch the kid so when did the new viewed had 26 different letters of the alphabet to play off of do you mean you could do anything come to mind especially has book number 2 comes out yes I want to give a Samsung letters a s for an allergy which is a technique to help people get into the basic principles B's from the law write a time you make an environment with the students feel like they belong and they don't make mis-attributions that get in the way of what they might say I don't believe you  see you soon how do you see things that you couldn't see before and it marches down in Spanish from the worms always Rodger b is for seriously Xmas Harley so so close with someone that I think is the sinuses really exciting right now turn this is your attention they really develop early input  what's the biggest fact on you'll hear this in terms of executive  people's ability to switch  to stay concept to concentrate  it's also is it as you get older and then around 28 and starts to come down on average probably not for you so lucky so talking about video game  going F for apps and you know how does a lot of learning apps are applications out there that I'm  good there's one that I use on my phone every day action Duo-lingo you know that one is Allegra learning I'm pretty convinced it's working because I feel like it is I suppose I'm not I'm not totally sold on it yet yes I but I tend to practice on people who can't speak the language the correct me and tell me what particular favorites so we have one it's called at each wage and the child teaches a computer character like about global or about Greenhouse Effect and the agent has some artificial intelligence so we can then reason based on what Utah can we  google show up in the game show and there's a host that asking questions and it's competing against the computer and in all our studies is comes up this is a woman so so this is one of those things can you get government funding to test base of hypotheses but along the way you get an enough money so you can make the sophomores and connection test and so we been doing this about 10 to 12 years now we proving it so now we're having a software company developed it to go to scale because that sort of not something I would know how to do why do the last thing I want is a 1-800 call Dan that's Middle School  another one 4 year old time Stossel  your started teaching how many servings do give to the clients in the Poconos where they take the day's news in the translated to 12th grade 8th grade sixth grade fourth grade reading level so kids in the I think that's an interesting on you now that the kid is reading the fourth grade sort of knows it and that'll stigmatizing I need the creativity  I told him on that old train Mall you know I'm going to give you a problem if you get it right on movie I think there's other things are starting to show now simulations called calling your mind is made very good sign sitting patients are called fat pH and the signs underneath is very good and a lot of them are things you like to do can you simulate in the quantum physics you probably not doing class or radiation  and this this is have half a billion users it's sort of like experimenting you can't get the equipment form class that kids can do I need to do some things after the promise don't show up in a way you can find so you go on the iTunes Store you know that one George movies so it's very hard to find the things that are really good  circulation Khan Academy I don't want do not offend Uncharted 4 what to do explains it he's not really going for the experience of discovery of things like that food but you know on the kids having trouble now to go find this great coverage where the guy explains a teaching staff classroom as a concept I didn't know I have to admit I went to Wikipedia it was too hard and I went to Khan Academy to see if he could explain it and it turned who's explaining cancel giant okay you just don't want to eat only star you don't only so anyway  Chris Brown one more question is never going to the office we have a microphone if you want to come up and ask a question question for you though is going to be around till the end of Technology in the education world in the world  access to the internet and some folks who are beginning to phrase it as AC did actress to the internet should be a civil right guarantee if it's something that you have to buy that's why do you guess in a way that is intolerable and then I go off next Advanced like calling Canada civil right you know people don't need WiFi candy Burger the digital divide it used to be access to the internet play money in this with you tomorrow so how many mine did a great study on certain building  there are lot of lot of kids and parents in one room is it going to school they want the best for these  the game and they didn't quite didn't know what to do what what things in quite know what what does it mean to prepare my child for school in the US once they loaded the iPad with a betta update apps that root your LG rated and Joseph that's my window and then also making the excesses jelly through cell phones okay I'll ask more questions but I don't want to give the audience of the audience come on you know you want to question for you yes how do you do so I'll pair of school is the Sausage Factory in Saving sausage to universities and how do we stop sending sausage what's the plan which in my in my head I was thinking that presumes there's a plan but but it will give you shot at it can I have my people what is the medical  so if they discover that their entrance exam  to get in so factual and proceed play driven  then colleges started teaching factually and procedural driven so the students could pass the test so the students weren't really turning the nature of chemistry they were learning a set of equations so they change their missions there their test because it took University  what's the way they want to teach so universities now are beginning to rely on the is there more wine on the grades of the students Guy high school and they know which high schools are high quality versus not  so this is do the system you know the pressure goes down I may just agree with some of your most high schools really are trying to use.  You trying to provide lots of variety in different opportunities algebras probably not  so that's one way to  relieve some of the emissions mean on an air yeah so that there's an  did are planning to stop using so you know Stanford wanted to admit straight a perfect sat so they're clearly drawing on something so anyway I need the testing regime I think this was an instructional back for the No Child Left Behind was kind of in 10 let's do measurement because you can't do measurement you can't manage but I have the side effect which is driving everyone towards these tests and the tests are not very sophisticated not touch set one problem on the other so that the new teachers coming in or going leadership and superintendents matter unclog is about instructions photos of financial policy when you said what would y so I and my husband and I have not start do you find if there's anything she can play sports bottles this is motivation so I realize I can't be the one that you look at me too much if you ride his bike looking back at you like the most horrifying for money so I ended up getting someone else turn on flashlight produces ammo she's doing the video production I'm Sports she promised to Bear its long-term con turn on just come straight for 5 minutes someone potential capacity this is more story of motivation sings like you sort of reward small successes so like it on a teacher and a student and never turns in the homework if they bring in a blank prompt Sage I probably say good job and if they put their name on it next time I say really good job I'd rather than hoping for suddenly going to do all these complex things ways of paying attention to her own thinking two of them reflecting on her 3 complicated  but God the image of two parents sitting around there for easy Total Wine so you have the great motivators the car That's Heavy Artillery flight 448 the next question in your head have a question about my friend Center daughter Quest back there  open there was something going the parent and how that we packs kids did you know constantly see for their parents to be constantly is every grade coming through turn order even required to look at it and see that on a daily basis so what's your recommendation or what do you think about that throughout this until you know and the parents would  so I decided this is swollen who tell parents what they should do but it is  points they're sort of like frequent flyer  I am so I could you ever done a lot of fun you seem to check in your  checking your Fitbit you checking your child's grades and if they go up it's very reinforcing to you anymore because you care more about your child than you care about yourself so you can get caught up  what's a pounding what you think it's for your child is actually did you want to see so I could create in all this little Cyclone avoid that you know my kid was a little bit of a rat I would have liked to know that  things like that turn on the song all things you know Batman for kids you know  hey this is great you know you're given my middle schooler thing and they care because it shows yeah - 3 unless modern exam  can you put up a Ford on the wall with the kids names and you put stars on it  that's really good in the kids you have one at the other kids start to give up on things to put everybody on the same money or scale  implicitly comparing across those going to opt out Escanaba High School they have so there's a lot of different ways to get points and they're all different kinds of points I can get coins I can get I can get new challenges it's when you funnel it all through a single sort of Rome  comparisons Against One there's nobody who's flight  I'm done I do what I do I'm different than the other people and or if there's three people to do what I do to you know there's a billion other things I might Playskool make this narrow from which really brings up that social comparison and so you need to protect people from a social comparison if it reflects badly on it can be True Values affirmation you like students before this happens you say to him why don't you listen the things animals you know will turn out if there's lots of things important to him besides those great and that's what about his affirmation increases our self integrity to the poor grades don't so they keep trying  things you can do to help people against the system it's kind of setup to be comparable I don't mind knowing how much question from the principal I'm sure this is not going to say it's not at school but at my friends quote turn on social media a few months back was from how to raise middle and interesting set graduates to Syracuse for my daughter I sometimes shut my door and say yes I get it I need to take it's a mixed bag and so we talked about sauveur formation culture our kids are in with images in the Snap chat who's prettier who's got more and so it's hard to hold back from her information can your rate drop tonight down with Steve and really your teacher just didn't put that test and I have one kid that's the same thing I mean I know and I know and it's still hard and it's sometimes I don't know I like not knowing I like they were bored or not grandmas tell your kids and puts them in that replaced you that I like good place for lunch so my question kinda build a little bit on that I-80 decrease well right now and I have high school kids I got my teaching credential in elementary Ed 25 years ago Old School teaching my i-Heart phonics how to teach phonics 25 minute to get in your car discussion Common Core is I think that's the biggest problem is that it was explained to parents and what they can understand educators coming through the program what's the weather how can we communicate to the pan I have this problem with my husband to the parents that grew up in the old school take a test this is my husband can still tell you his SAT score 25 + years later so that's interesting I didn't know their family background and I have a kid that I don't  I'm going to go to college and I have a daughter that is brilliant and doing great at Dunn Loring and will be an IV program I'm so different kids to explain to people that the mentality of the testing is important and the new way of doing that you don't understand why there  you know doing some kind of Cinema is in English  so I can get how do we communicate I'm here in the Halloween 10 minutes or 15 minutes and you try to back to school night is it across  that makes sense so I haven't had how do we help people understand the tests aren't everything and just the new wave so so this is a problem I'm working on why does my solution that if people read it again and in it I have all these different that I've made so where I try and explain earnings not a right you have all these different systems and learn learning to culture is basically taking systems that evolved Force functionality and getting them Corden  this is a very different model than Master it it's the idea that you need to get your visual system in your auditory working together to read try that work by the immune system and point out that it's tester you're out of the room to sound lecture me about education because they went through I should have said yes I've lived in a physical world but I Don't lecture you about this Craigslist take a note take a note some we have who's next  play question is engines of Mastery how much Nestle do you need in order to buy your skills in their friend scenarios so there's two parts to their sort of you can for this minion have in a day  this is then  if 2 + 2 then safe for it's a master generally focuses on the then part of what is it you do and how do you do it the hard part about getting people to use your if we don't  give the output of expert reasoning this is how you solve this problem we don't point out if you want people to have probably applicable knowledge you need to do something can you have a different kinds of experiences help them realize well I can apply this so the Mastery and what you're talking about is transferred  dimensions so for example I have lots of friends too  no sightings friends not saying things very well and they climb all over them  so I'll walk around say that's clue  and that's gluten to that's cool too but the answer is you want Mastery for how do repetitive tasks that occur in stable environment So reading is repetitive task on the stable Queen Anna  driving tends to be fairly stable environment  you got the wheel things like diagnosing cancer not so sticky situation is different so you need something different than okay  hi so my question is a little bit around let me tell you about my son first but my question is really your friend saw my son okay you know we seem to the point 16 years into the 21st century we still have very much a 20th play framework in education cancer when you look at it 646 s look like what does metrics that mean you no good school district how do you know State tells you that what's the graduation rate in what's the number of a pest which really tell me when living and learning  so my son is and he's been playing video games since he was 5 years old  and I was really stunned one night summer before he started 9th grade and he was playing this game called Eve  and he knew more about macroeconomic anointed from playing this game and he was playing with people from all around the world  and he has can you learn about time zones and these are things that I was trying to man  play the manager when do I schedule my but it wasn't motivated through high school he just graduated in June he wasn't motivated through high school because he was born bored sitting there you know getting the content he was he didn't have enough say in what he got to study and things like that so I would get the phone call from his teacher saying your son is absolutely brilliant Buddy's family my class what do we do about that you know I don't know and he graduated high school by the skin of his teeth  and Sadie's very smart and I know that is going to be very successful and he's not ready to go College not ready to go to Community College he needs time on his own first and figure out what does he want to do when is he going to be ready to do what's expected a conical vac going to that pool talk about with college  and that's when the grades really start to matter I guess I don't know  so my question is how do we start to change that measurement of success and how we really assess student learning in public education you're asking a slightly different question just what are the standards  much of the standards determine what everybody wins is a set of standards and say children will be able to X.Y.Z. and you're saying these standards are too narrow because they're not incorporating my son self-generated  and so you know the way these standards guest of a large I am so you can imagine an analogy would be English departments in University spend lots of time arguing whether Shakespeare's required course for Chelsea and that's how you decide stand so the place that your concern is that the standards will determine is worth learning may have choked down the system so that pets are political good play some Dub Step  so so so the answer is just want to point out Maynard's I don't like say we have I think we have two more questions one in the front one in the back and then we'll wrap up I'm a teacher I'm a parent too but my son's from them so I just had a question about was one approaches more compatible with one gender over the other  no you should not know couldn't works for everybody  bet the places were gender shows up in you know is largely in the police if there's a so for example study that looked at kindergarten teachers and they were all women and they looked at affected these teachers on the children's attitudes towards man he turned out that the women teachers is only minutes  the girl that hurt their classes became more of had more math lights on  the boys didn't pick it up because they didn't use the teachers that kind of social  so so it's that cold fall surround and seems to cause these differences no certain class is the weight of totter sort of hostile to women's attitudes in the kinds of things are interested in and so women losing but in terms of other fundamental differences and how boys and girls learn trying to make a decision it's really hard Miss teenage roster a lot more a lot more responsibility on the inside. I'm living life back when I was standing the Advent Technologies increased demands on pictures and I understand we're trying to evaluate authentic and its evaluation as well can you give me example of what would be  a good evaluation model for something that's innovative and how do you cancer that against some comes up with an infographic how do you measure that again someone  generating regular report an essay versus someone who's created a video it's another demanding realize demonstrating that each of these different things satisfy so for example the standard might be presenza main idea collaboration  supporting points you can look at all these different things and decide regardless of the so is, Judgment called it's harder to grade and a right long test the issue here is is there some standard to which the students accountable and you have to figure out today and she that standard however they express themselves  or are you say kids can do whatever they want in the next we don't need Steam  then you don't have to do what they want you can say so it's kind of a challenge I'm busy becoming more individualized you have to be able to figure out how to map it to some core value or outcomes that you think everybody should have who are you can try make something sandwich for each shot ultimately those standard is still beholden to some higher principle t-shirt let's do one more something uplifting does not does not require a political solution would be great she think she seven is that such a thing in this song Play the album  Wichita my throat is it because she's 15 and she's dancing at me yeah you know is probably not something I can diagnose  play the Wichita Falls what to do with speed  no tremendous amount of my control that myself is to blame  once you have words for things you can all those words you can  before you have language it's very hard to reflect on him to have that inner speech so you know if she has some volumes it may be difficult so is it is there home to yeah I know the warden Stiles is something different styles hasn't done so well the idea that no I'm a kinesthetic learner I'm a spatial learner when people say things like a visual learner and generally just means they don't like to be pictures of the morning Styles has been supported by movies  what you talking about is different this is more of a clinical problem or something that's very possible now these are plastic systems the difficulty is oftentimes the remediation is Horton it's a lot of work so they're like people who have boy problems  the train train them it's sort of imagine you're hard of hearing and someone mugs and you have to try and understand it as soon as you find the understand that they mutter a little more for the next thing but it's like a recipe for Plum penis and so sometimes the things that you need what is the neurological require that  ladies and gentlemen thank you for coming please consider buying too because then that means remarkable help me the next time I see but I want to please join me in the dick of the same

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